Key Takeaways
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MGO stands for methylglyoxal, the unique antibacterial compound that gives Manuka honey its therapeutic properties and distinguishes it from regular honey
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MGO forms naturally when dihydroxyacetone (DHA) from Manuka nectar converts over approximately 12 months as the honey ages and matures
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MGO ratings range from 30+ to 2000+, with higher numbers indicating stronger antibacterial activity and greater therapeutic potency
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MGO levels directly correlate with UMF ratings and determine the honey’s effectiveness for wound healing, oral health, and fighting antibiotic resistant strains
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Australian Manuka honey contains some of the highest MGO levels globally, often exceeding those found in New Zealand Manuka honey varieties
While most honey varieties offer sweet taste and basic antimicrobial properties from hydrogen peroxide, Manuka honey stands apart due to one unique compound: methylglyoxal (MGO). This powerful bioactive substance transforms ordinary honey into a therapeutic powerhouse, capable of fighting bacteria that have developed resistance to modern antibiotics. Understanding what MGO means and how it works can help you make informed decisions about consuming Manuka honey for health benefits.
Unlike regular honey or clover honey, genuine Manuka honey derives its exceptional antibacterial activity from MGO rather than the typical hydrogen peroxide found in most honey. This difference makes Manuka honey particularly valuable for treating wounds, supporting oral health, and addressing various health conditions where conventional treatments may fall short.
What is MGO in Manuka Honey?
MGO stands for methylglyoxal, a naturally occurring organic compound that provides Manuka honey with its distinctive antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. This bioactive compound represents the primary difference between Manuka honey and normal honey, making it significantly more potent for therapeutic applications.
Methylglyoxal gives Manuka honey its remarkable ability to fight bacteria, including antibiotic resistant strains like MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While regular honey relies on hydrogen peroxide for its mild antibacterial effect, MGO provides a non peroxide activity that remains stable even in harsh physiological environments where catalase enzymes would normally neutralize peroxide-based antimicrobial action.
The mgo content in Manuka honey is measured in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and serves as the primary indicator of the honey’s quality and therapeutic potency. This measurement system allows consumers and healthcare professionals to select appropriate grades for specific health applications, from general wellness to medical grade honey for serious health conditions.
What makes MGO particularly valuable is its broad-spectrum antibacterial effect against various pathogens without allowing bacteria to develop resistance. This unique property has made Manuka honey increasingly important in treating diabetic ulcers, gastric ulcers, and other conditions where conventional antibiotics may be less effective.
How MGO is Formed in Manuka Honey
The formation of MGO in Manuka honey begins when bees collect nectar from Manuka flowers of the Leptospermum scoparium plant, commonly known as the Manuka tree or Manuka bush. This nectar contains dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a precursor compound that distinguishes Manuka plants from other plants that bees typically pollinate.
After bees return to their hives and process the nectar into honey, a fascinating natural chemical transformation occurs. The DHA present in the fresh honey gradually converts to methylglyoxal through a spontaneous, non-enzymatic process that continues as the honey ages and matures. This conversion typically takes approximately 12 months to reach optimal levels, though the process can continue for several years under proper storage conditions.
The rate of DHA-to-MGO conversion and the final MGO levels depend on several factors including storage temperature, humidity, and the initial concentration of DHA in the nectar. Interestingly, the mgo content actually increases during the first year after harvest, meaning that aged Manuka honey often contains higher MGO levels than fresh varieties.
Temperature plays a crucial role in maintaining MGO potency. Heating Manuka honey above 40°C (104°F) can significantly reduce MGO content and destroy its beneficial properties. This is why raw, unprocessed Manuka honey is preferred for therapeutic applications, and why it’s important to add Manuka honey only to warm rather than hot beverages.
The unique chemistry of Manuka nectar, combined with the natural aging process, creates the high MGO concentrations that make genuine Manuka honey so valuable for health applications. This natural formation process cannot be replicated artificially, which is why authentic Manuka honey commands premium prices and requires careful certification.
MGO Rating System and What Numbers Mean
The MGO rating system provides a standardised way to measure and communicate the antibacterial potency of Manuka honey. These ratings typically range from 30+ to 2000+, with common commercial levels including 83+, 263+, 514+, and 829+. The “+” symbol indicates that the honey contains at least that amount of MGO, though it may contain higher levels.
MGO 30-100+ represents low activity levels suitable for general wellness and daily consumption. This range provides basic immune system support and can be used as a natural sweetener with additional health benefits compared to regular honey. These lower grades are often more affordable and appropriate for those new to Manuka honey products.
MGO 100-400+ indicates medium activity levels that are effective for supporting immune health and digestive wellness. This range is particularly beneficial for maintaining gut health, supporting beneficial bacteria growth, and addressing minor digestive issues. Many people find this range optimal for regular health maintenance.
MGO 400-800+ represents high activity levels that are effective for wound healing properties and therapeutic applications. This potency range is commonly used for treating minor cuts, burns, and skin conditions, as well as supporting oral health by combating harmful bacteria that cause plaque formation and periodontal diseases.
MGO 800+ indicates very high activity levels typically reserved for medical grade honey applications and serious health conditions. These potent varieties are often used under healthcare professional guidance for treating diabetic ulcers, gastric ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, and other conditions requiring intensive antibacterial intervention.
The mgo rating system allows consumers to match the honey’s potency to their intended use, ensuring they receive appropriate therapeutic benefits while managing costs effectively. Higher MGO levels command premium prices due to their rarity and intensive testing requirements.
MGO vs UMF: Understanding the Connection
The relationship between MGO and UMF (unique Manuka factor) ratings can initially seem confusing, but understanding their connection helps consumers navigate Manuka honey products more effectively. Both systems measure the same fundamental antibacterial potency but use different testing methods and certification processes.
MGO ratings provide direct measurements of methylglyoxal content in milligrams per kilogram, offering a straightforward indication of the honey’s active compound concentration. In contrast, UMF ratings incorporate additional factors including leptosperin (an authenticity marker), DHA content (indicating future MGO potential), and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF, indicating age and freshness).
The correlation between these systems follows predictable patterns: UMF 10+ corresponds to approximately MGO 263+, UMF 15+ equals roughly MGO 514+, and UMF 20+ matches about MGO 829+. These conversions allow consumers to compare products regardless of which rating system the manufacturer uses.
New zealand Manuka honey products typically use UMF ratings through the UMF Honey Association, while Australian Manuka honey commonly employs MGO ratings certified by the Australian Manuka honey association. Both certification bodies require rigorous third-party laboratory testing to verify authenticity and potency claims.
The choice between MGO and UMF-rated products often depends on regional availability and personal preference. UMF certification provides additional authenticity markers beyond just MGO content, while MGO ratings offer a more direct measurement of the primary active compound. Both systems ensure consumers receive genuine Manuka honey with verified therapeutic properties.
Understanding these rating systems helps consumers avoid counterfeit products and ensures they select appropriate potency levels for their specific health needs. Whether choosing MGO or UMF-rated honey, the key is purchasing from reputable sources that provide proper certification documentation.
Health Benefits of MGO in Manuka Honey
The health benefits of MGO in Manuka honey extend far beyond those of normal honey, making it a valuable addition to natural health regimens. The compound’s unique antibacterial activity provides therapeutic benefits across multiple body systems, from wound healing to digestive support.
Wound Healing Properties: MGO’s potent antibacterial effect makes Manuka honey exceptionally effective for treat wounds, including cuts, burns, and diabetic ulcers. The compound creates an environment that inhibits bacterial growth while promoting tissue regeneration. Medical grade honey with high MGO content is commonly used in clinical settings for wound dressings, particularly for wounds that haven’t responded well to conventional treatments.
Oral Health Benefits: Research demonstrates MGO’s effectiveness against harmful bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis that cause plaque formation, gingivitis, and periodontal diseases. Regular consumption of Manuka honey can help maintain oral health by reducing bacterial load in the mouth, though it should complement rather than replace proper dental hygiene practices.
Digestive Support: MGO shows particular promise in addressing stomach ulcers and gut problems by combating Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria responsible for most gastric ulcers. The compound supports beneficial gut bacteria while inhibiting harmful pathogens, contributing to overall digestive wellness and potentially reducing symptoms of various gastrointestinal conditions.
Respiratory Health: For individuals dealing with sore throat, sore throats, and respiratory infections, MGO provides natural antibacterial support. This is particularly valuable for people with cystic fibrosis, where bacterial infections can be life-threatening. The anti inflammatory properties of Manuka honey may also help reduce respiratory inflammation.
Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: Perhaps most significantly, MGO’s mechanism of action doesn’t allow bacteria to develop resistance in the same way they do with conventional antibiotics. This makes Manuka honey valuable for treating antibiotic resistant strains and provides an alternative when modern antibiotics prove ineffective.
The anti inflammatory effects and wound healing properties work synergistically, making Manuka honey beneficial for various skin conditions and supporting the immune system’s natural healing processes.
How to Choose Manuka Honey Based on MGO Levels
Selecting the appropriate MGO level depends on your intended use, health goals, and budget considerations. Understanding how different potency levels align with specific applications helps ensure you receive optimal benefits while managing costs effectively.
For Daily Wellness and General Health: Choose MGO 83+ to 263+ for regular immune system support and digestive health maintenance. These levels provide meaningful benefits of Manuka honey without the premium cost of higher grades. They’re excellent for replacing regular sweeteners while adding therapeutic value to your diet.
For Therapeutic Applications: Select MGO 400+ to 829+ when addressing specific health concerns like wound healing, oral health issues, or fighting infections. This range provides sufficient antibacterial activity for most therapeutic applications while remaining accessible for regular use.
For Medical Applications: Consider MGO 800+ and above for serious health conditions, chronic wounds, or when working under healthcare professional guidance. These potent varieties are often necessary for diabetic ulcers, severe infections, or conditions where lower grades haven’t provided adequate results.
When choosing Manuka honey products, verify authenticity through proper certification from recognised bodies like the Australian Manuka honey association or New Zealand’s UMF Association. Authentic products should clearly display their MGO rating, country of origin, and certification details.
Consider your budget carefully, as higher MGO levels command significantly higher prices. For many people, medium-range MGO levels (200-400+) provide an optimal balance of therapeutic benefit and affordability for regular use.
Always purchase from reputable suppliers who provide third-party laboratory testing certificates. Genuine Manuka honey can only originate from Australian or New Zealand, as these are the only regions where the Manuka plant (Leptospermum scoparium) grows naturally and produces the high DHA levels necessary for MGO formation.
Take a look at our guide below. This applies for our own range of 3rd Party tested & approved Manuka Honey range.
Why Australian Manuka Honey Has High MGO Levels
Australia’s unique position in Manuka honey production stems from its exceptional biodiversity of Leptospermum species. While New Zealand is often considered the traditional home of Manuka honey, Australia actually hosts 84 of the 87 known Leptospermum species worldwide, providing an incredibly diverse range of nectar sources for honey production.
This remarkable diversity means that Australian Manuka honey can achieve MGO levels that match or even exceed those found in New Zealand Manuka honey. Some Australian varieties produce exceptionally high MGO content that rivals the most potent New Zealand Manuka honey products, though the specific levels depend on the particular Leptospermum species and growing conditions.
Research conducted by Blair et al and other scientists has confirmed that certain Australian Manuka honey batches contain extraordinarily high MGO levels. Studies have documented Australian samples with MGO concentrations exceeding 1000 mg/kg, placing them among the most potent Manuka honey products available globally.
The larger variety of Manuka plants in Australia allows for different MGO concentrations and flavour profiles, giving consumers access to a full range of potency levels and taste preferences. This diversity also means that Australian producers can often provide more consistent supplies of high-MGO honey compared to regions with limited species variety.
Climate and soil conditions across Australia’s diverse growing regions contribute to the varying MGO levels found in different Australian Manuka honey products. The Australian Manuka honey association works to ensure proper testing and certification of these products, maintaining quality standards that rival those of New Zealand producers.
Further research continues to explore the unique properties of Australian Manuka varieties, with scientists investigating how different Leptospermum species contribute to MGO formation and overall therapeutic potency. This ongoing research may reveal additional benefits and applications for Australian Manuka honey in the future.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does heating Manuka honey destroy MGO?
Yes, heating Manuka honey above 40°C (104°F) can significantly reduce MGO content and destroy its beneficial properties. The methylglyoxal compound is heat-sensitive, which is why it’s essential to consume Manuka honey raw or add it only to warm (not hot) beverages and food. Avoid cooking with high-MGO Manuka honey if you want to preserve its therapeutic benefits, and never microwave Manuka honey as this can rapidly destroy the active compounds.
How long does MGO remain active in Manuka honey?
MGO levels can remain stable for several years when honey is stored properly in cool, dark conditions away from direct sunlight and heat. Interestingly, the MGO content actually increases during the first 12 months as DHA continues converting to methylglyoxal. Proper storage in airtight containers at room temperature helps maintain MGO potency over time, making Manuka honey a stable therapeutic product with a long shelf life.
Can you test MGO levels at home?
No, accurate MGO testing requires specialised laboratory equipment like HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) and cannot be performed at home. Only certified laboratories can accurately measure MGO, DHA, and leptosperin levels that determine authenticity and potency. Always purchase Manuka honey from reputable brands that provide third-party lab testing certificates, as this is the only reliable way to verify MGO content and ensure you’re getting genuine Manuka honey.
Is higher MGO always better?
Not necessarily - the optimal MGO rating depends on your intended use and health goals. Higher MGO levels are significantly more expensive and may have a stronger, more bitter taste that some people find unpalatable. For daily wellness and general health maintenance, moderate MGO levels (83-263+) are often sufficient and more cost-effective. Reserve higher MGO levels (400+ and above) for specific therapeutic applications or when working with a healthcare professional.
Why do some Manuka honeys have very high MGO but low prices?
This could indicate counterfeit or adulterated honey that doesn’t come from genuine Manuka sources or may contain artificially added methylglyoxal. Authentic high-MGO Manuka honey requires extensive testing, certification, and comes from limited geographic regions, making it naturally expensive to produce. Genuine Manuka honey with high MGO content will always come with proper certification from recognized bodies and carry premium pricing. Always verify the honey’s origin, certification credentials, and purchase from reputable suppliers to ensure authenticity and avoid potentially harmful fake products.
