Often referred to as “bee glue”, this resinous mixture is produced by bees when they combine their saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. The bees meticulously collect these resins from various plants, which they then mix with beeswax and enzymes produced in their salivary glands.

This unique blend of natural ingredients results in a powerful, sticky substance that the bees use to seal and sterilise their hive. Propolis plays a crucial role in the hive's defence system, creating a barrier that protects the hive from harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It effectively seals cracks and gaps, preventing intruders and environmental contaminants from entering.

The composition of propolis can vary widely depending on the location of the hive and the specific plants available to the bees. Generally, it contains:

• Resins and balms (50%)

  Sourced from tree buds and sap, these components have potent antimicrobial properties.

• Beeswax (30%)

  Provides the sticky consistency needed to form a seal.

• Essential oils (10%)

  Rich in antimicrobial properties.

• Pollen (5%)

  Adds nutritional value and additional health benefits.

• Other organic compounds (5%)

  Including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and esters, which contribute to its therapeutic properties.

The creation of propolis is a remarkable example of nature's ingenuity, showcasing how bees utilise available resources to create a multifunctional substance that ensures the health and safety of their colony. By harnessing the protective qualities of plant resins, bees have developed a natural product that not only fortifies their hive but also offers numerous health benefits to humans.